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Đinh Sở Lĩnh 丁部領
Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt
A statue of emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng in Hoa Lư
Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt
Reign	968 – October 979
Predecessor	Đinh Sở Lĩnh adopted national name as Đại Cồ Việt
Successor	Đinh Phế Đế
Emperor of the Đinh dynasty
Reign	968–10/979
Predecessor	Dynasty established
Successor	Đinh Phế Đế
Born	22 March 924 Gia Viễn, Tỉnh Ninh Bình province, Giao Châu
Died	October 979 Hoa Lư, Tỉnh Ninh Bình province, Đại Cồ Việt
Burial	Trường Yên tomb, Hoa Lư
Spouse	Empress Đan Gia Empress Trinh Thục Empress Dương Vân Nga Concubine Nguyễn Thị Sen Empress Dương Nguyệt Nương
Issue	Đinh Liễn, Duke of Nam Việt Crown Prince Đinh Hạng Lang Đinh Toàn as emperor Đinh Phế Đế Princess Phất Kim Princess Phù Dung Princess Minh Châu Princess Liên Hoa Princess Ngọc Nương.
Names Đinh Sở Lĩnh (丁部領) Đinh Hoàn (丁桓) Era dates Thái Bình (太平): 970–980 Regnal name Đại Thắng Minh Hoàng Đế (大勝明皇帝) Posthumous name None Temple name None
House	Đinh
Father	Đinh Công Trứ
Religion	Buddhism

Đinh Sở Lĩnh (924–979; r. 968–979), real name allegedly Đinh Hoàn (丁桓),[1] was the founding emperor of the short-lived Đinh dynasty of Vietnam, after declaring its independence from the Chinese Southern Han dynasty. He was a significant figure in the establishment of Vietnamese independence and political unity in the 10th century. He unified Vietnam by defeating twelve rebellious warlords and became the first emperor of Vietnam. Upon his ascension, he renamed the country Đại Cồ Việt. Đinh Sở Lĩnh was also known as Đinh Tiên Hoàng (丁先皇; literally "the Former Đinh Emperor").

Life and career

Đinh Sở Lĩnh was born in 924 in Hoa Lư (south of the Red River Delta, in what is today Tỉnh Ninh Bình Province). Growing up in a local village during the disintegration of the Chinese Tang dynasty that had dominated Vietnam for centuries, Đinh Sở Lĩnh became a local military leader at a very young age. From this turbulent era, the first independent Vietnamese polity emerged when the warlord Ngô Quyền defeated the Southern Han's forces in the First Battle of the Bạch Đằng River in 938. However, the Ngô dynasty was weak and unable vĩ đại effectively unify Vietnam. Faced with the domestic anarchy produced by the competition of twelve feudal warlords for control of the country, as well as the external threat represented by Southern Han, which regarded itself as the heir vĩ đại the ancient kingdom of Nan Yue that had encompassed not only southern Đài Loan Trung Quốc but also the Bac Bo region of northern Vietnam, Đinh Sở Lĩnh sought a strategy vĩ đại politically unify the Vietnamese. Upon the death of the last Ngô king in 965, he seized power and founded a new kingdom the capital of which was in his trang chính district of Hoa Lư. To establish his legitimacy in relation vĩ đại the previous dynasty, he married a woman of the Ngô family.^[2]

In the first years of his reign, Đinh Sở Lĩnh was especially careful vĩ đại avoid antagonizing Southern Han. In 968, however, he took the provocative step of adopting the title of Emperor (Hoàng Đế) and thereby declaring his independence from Chinese overlordship. He founded the Đinh dynasty and called his kingdom Đại Cồ Việt. His outlook changed, however, when the powerful Song dynasty annexed Southern Han in 971. In 972, Đinh Sở Lĩnh ingratiated himself with the Song by sending a tribute mission vĩ đại demonstrate his fealty vĩ đại the Chinese Emperor. Emperor Taizu of Song subsequently recognized the Viet ruler as Giao Chỉ Quận Vương (King of Giao Chi), a title which expressed a theoretical relationship of vassalage in submission vĩ đại the empire. Well aware of Song's military might, and eager vĩ đại safeguard the independence of his country, Đinh Sở Lĩnh obtained a non-aggression agreement in exchange for tributes payable vĩ đại the Chinese court every three years.

Foreign relations

In addition vĩ đại managing relations with Đài Loan Trung Quốc, Đinh Sở Lĩnh energetically reformed the administration and the armed forces of Vietnam in order vĩ đại strengthen the foundations of the new state. He established a royal court and a hierarchy of civil and military servants. Đinh Sở Lĩnh also instituted a rigorous justice system in which treason was punishable by being cooked in a vat of boiling oil or by being fed vĩ đại a caged tiger, ví as vĩ đại provide a deterrent vĩ đại all who threatened the new order in the kingdom.

Death

Assassination of Đinh Sở Lĩnh

However, Đinh Sở Lĩnh's reign did not last long. In 979, a palace official, inspired by a dream, killed both Đinh Sở Lĩnh and his eldest son Đinh Liễn while they were sleeping in the palace courtyard. The killer was quickly apprehended and executed by general Nguyễn Bặc. Sở Lĩnh was succeeded by his six-year-old surviving son Dinh Phe De.

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The Song dynasty wanted vĩ đại take advantage of the turbulent situation in Đại Cồ Việt in order vĩ đại reestablish Chinese control over the country, and sent an army vĩ đại invade Vietnam. In this crisis, Lê Hoàn, the commander-in-chief of Đinh Sở Lĩnh's army, stepped into the power vacuum, dethroned the child emperor, eliminated his opponents at court, and entered into illicit relations with the Empress Dowager Dương Vân Nga. Lê Hoàn defeated the Song invasion, proclaimed himself Emperor, and founded the Early Lê dynasty. He continued vĩ đại Gọi the country "Đại Cồ Việt."

References

• The article about Đinh Sở Lĩnh on Vietsciences.free.fr